LAUSR

The ocean hosts some of the most productive ecosystems and sustains over three billion people (OECD, ). But following decades of overexploitation it is severely degraded. Overfishing has reduced fish biomass and truncated food webs, and destructive fishing has destroyed critical marine habitats and weakened ecosystem resilience. Carbon emissions are driving ocean warming and acidification, with negative impacts on marine biodiversity, and sea-level rise is threatening coastal communities. Plastic waste is clogging the seas and fragmenting into microplastics that are significantly affecting marine life (Entwistle et al., ). These unprecedented threats facing the ocean require urgent and coordinated global action. Ambitious international targets were set in December  at the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), with the adoption of the Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. Ambitions around marine protected areas are included within Target , to protect % of land and sea by , commonly referred to as the  by  target. Site-based conservation measures, such as marine protected areas, can have wide-ranging benefits for biodiversity (e.g. Marshall et al., ), increase climate adaptation and protection from extreme weather events (e.g. Jacquemont et al., ), and provide socioeconomic benefits (e.g. Smallhorn-West et al., ). The  by  target became the headline of the CBD negotiations, but much depends on its implementation: will biologically important sites be prioritized, will sites be managed effectively, and will community-led approaches be at its heart? Reference to other effective area-based conservation measures and recognition of Indigenous and traditional territories set the groundwork for successful action to halt biodiversity loss, but progress needs to be monitored to ensure livelihoods and tenure rights of Indigenous Peoples and local communities are not compromised (International Institute for Sustainable Development, ). Fauna & Flora is committed to increasing conservation impact in marine and coastal ecosystems for the benefit of biodiversity and people, and we recognize the important role the  by  target could play in protecting the ocean. However, we support calls to ensure that area-based marine conservation networks are designed and managed with the consent, participation and leadership of local stakeholders. Central to Fauna & Flora’s approach is the support we provide, either directly or via locally-based partners, to coastal communities. By initially adopting a small-scale, communityled approach, we are ensuring that existing and newly designated sites achieve their objectives, benefiting marine ecosystems and the communities that rely on them, and providing a robust foundation for scaling of effective and equitable marine conservation. This approach has proven to be effective across a range of contexts, as demonstrated by the articles in this and previous issues of Oryx. Fauna & Flora has been working in Aceh province, Indonesia, since , initially supporting post-tsunami recovery among coastal communities through measures such as increasing access to finance (Novriyanto et al., ). Continued support has strengthened the traditional fisheries management system, the Panglima Laot, and created partnerships between fishers and local authorities (Wilson et al., ). Working alongside the government, efforts have focused on the co-design and management of a locally managed marine areas network that formalizes rights to traditional fishing grounds, empowers communities to manage marine resources sustainably and equitably (Syakur et al., ), and minimizes habitat degradation and maintains fish biomass (Campbell et al., ). Similarly, in Myanmar’s Myeik Archipelago, three locally managed marine areas were designated in  to encourage sustainable fisheries management and support conservation. These are the first co-managed areas for marine fisheries in Myanmar, and a further four communities are now engaged in new locally managed marine area initiatives (Thiha et al., ). This approach is also illustrated in Cambodia where, as a result of long-term collaboration between NGOs and government, the first large-scale marine protected area was designated in . In Koh Rong Marine National Park, resource management is based around the Community Fisheries framework, in which legally recognized, community-level institutions are mandated to manage their marine resources (Glue et al., ). Surveys in  revealed signs of recovery in Koh Rong, such as increases in hard coral coverage and grouper and parrotfish biomass. Also in Cambodia, stakeholders including NGOs and government are applying mixed methods, gathering data from local communities and nesting beach surveys to investigate the conservation status of sea turtles, showing that a small, highly threatened population remains (Duffy et al., ). As a result, a number of priority conservation actions have GABRIELLA CHURCH ( orcid.org/0000-0003-3948-8480, gabriella.church@ fauna-flora.org), SOPHIE BENBOW ( orcid.org/0000-0002-4770-9354) and HENRY DUFFY ( orcid.org/0000-0002-9360-5142) Fauna & Flora, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, CB2 3QZ, Cambridge, UK