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Proppant such as sand and ceramic particles are used in hydraulic fracturing (HF) operations to keep the fractures open allowing a permeable channel for hydrocarbon production [1]. Proppants are carefully… Click to show full abstract
Proppant such as sand and ceramic particles are used in hydraulic fracturing (HF) operations to keep the fractures open allowing a permeable channel for hydrocarbon production [1]. Proppants are carefully selected for its size, shape, and grain strength so that it can withstand the reservoir closure stresses. Sand is preferred over ceramics due to its low cost and abundance though it has relatively lower crush strength [2]. Sand, being a natural material, exhibits a large variation in its texture, composition, maturity, and crystallinity depending upon the depositional environments and provenance.
Journal Title: Microscopy and Microanalysis
Year Published: 2019
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