LAUSR

Covalently bound impurity atoms in crystal lattices can be manipulated via the elastic backscattering of probe electrons from nuclei using the atomically focused electron irradiation of a scanning transmission electron microscope [1]. Early work discovered the atomistic mechanism for manipulation in graphene: out-of-plane dynamics of a carbon atom neighboring an impurity, leading to what can be conceived of as a beam-controlled direct exchange process [2]. Most of the work in this newly emerging area has focused on lattice impurities in single-layer graphene, initially incidental silicon impurities [3,4] but later also phosphorus dopants [5].