LAUSR

importance of structural underpinnings that point the way ahead for policy-making” (p. 282). To this end, Hellmuth defines “counterterrorism” idiosyncratically. That is, she is interested in post-9/11 reforms of information sharing, interagency coordination, and intelligence collection and analysis within governments. She measures these according to four indicators: the speed of response, the mode of decision making (executive order or legislative action), the level of public scrutiny, and the extent and nature of the reforms themselves. Across four case studies—the United States, Germany, Great Britain, and France—she shows that government structures, not merely the bureaucracies that inhabit them, impact counterterrorism outcomes. Hellmuth’s efforts have undoubted merit. Her research design is sound and the case study chapters are remarkably detailed in relating how the four governments set about the task of reforming counterterrorism measures, so defined, in the wake of 9/11 and subsequent attacks. By their end, the reader is surely convinced that “[c]ounterterrorism outcomes are not merely a result of predetermined bureaucratic preferences or organizational cultures and procedures. Government structures set the stage for bureaucratic dynamics and determine to what extent they may or may not unfold” (p. 282). With that said, Hellmuth’s approach raises three concerns. First, while the author cites a few sources from the broader debate about counterterrorism after 9/11, her account of that literature is somewhat underdeveloped. Within that debate, few would disagree that government structures impact outcomes. After all, Martha Crenshaw, writing about the U.S, counterterrorism efforts before 9/11, noted: “The decision-making process is disaggregated and pluralistic. Because not all issues can be dealt with simultaneously, political elites—the president, different agencies within the executive branch, Congress, the media, interest groups and ‘experts’ in academia and the consulting world—compete to set the national policy agenda” (“Counterterrorism Policy and the Political Process,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 24[5], 2001: 329). This conclusion—that counterterrorism policy derives from multiple, diverse sources, including government structures—has been widely affirmed since, and constitutes the conventional view in the field. But Crenshaw’s article, and many other studies that have followed it, are not cited. In this regard, Hellmuth’s focus on undermining the “bureaucratic” approach proves to be something of a limitation, as she might she have leveraged the existing literature in support of her broader claims. A second, related point concerns the relative effects of structures on outcomes, compared to other factors. While Hellmuth’s approach yields several insights (i.e., that structures matter, which structures matter for different purposes, and how structures interact with bureaucratic processes and political cultures), the definition of counterterrorism on offer limits her ability to say much about the range of other factors that clearly impact outcomes. It is only on page 240 that Hellmuth introduces a series of alternative explanations, to advance the argument that “government structures played a decisive role in shaping the different outcomes” (emphasis added). But this claim could be better supported. The alternative explanations are neither elaborated in adequate detail nor refuted with adequate argumentation. For example, she is dismissive of multilateralism as a source of counterterrorism but provides a bare-bones account of the impact of international cooperation on domestic counterterrorism in recent years. In this regard, throughout the book she refers to government structure as an independent variable, which produces variation in the dependent variable, counterterrorism outcomes. But in practice, she treats government structure as a study variable, in an effort to discern its specific effects on outcomes—which is to say that other independent variables are largely omitted and that the author can make modest claims only about the relative importance of the study variable compared to others. A third point concerns what is absent in the book on a larger scale. It is, of course, the case that no one book can address everything, and Hellmuth accommodates this by noting that “I do not aim to assess the effectiveness or extremeness of [counterterrorism] measures” (p. 13). But given the breadth and depth of the research effort here, which included interviews with officials in each of the four countries, it is rather a missed opportunity to elide what most observers would consider the most pressing questions of the post-9/11 period, that is, whether and under what circumstances counterterrorism is effective or not. Hellmuth makes only a modest effort to describe the importance of her research in terms of the broader, fundamental questions that drive the field. Given the contentious politics surrounding counterterrorism, readers might be interested in her insights in this regard. As it is, her concluding chapters affirm that her principal objective is to advance a position in the structural-bureaucratic debate. As such, the primary contribution of Counterterrorism and the State is theoretical and, I expect, it will appeal mostly to comparativists engaged in debates about decision making in advanced liberal democracies.