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and displays his material with precision and clarity. In turn he discusses the changes successfully made to the labor, discipline, and educational activities of the Gulag, the centrality of the Procuracy in overseeing these changes and holding Gulag staff to account, and then the coming counter-reform movement. Khrushchev and his political allies prioritized rehabilitation and decreasing recidivism. Their interest in these causes appears to have been genuine. Yet they never revoked Stalin’s old demand that camps and colonies should become economically self-sufficient or produce a surplus of resources. This enforced a level of fiscal restraint upon the Gulag that hampered its rehabilitative efforts, as did bureaucratic inertia and various vested interests. As conditions became less oppressive, concerns arose that the camps had become holiday resorts rather than places of punishment. By the early 1960s, the population of Soviet penal colonies again began to rise and conditions worsened, but never again would the hardship of the Stalin years be repeated, and the system became “committed to correctionalism” (166). At multiple points, the considerable depth and breadth of Hardy’s research becomes apparent, particularly in discussions of institutional oversight in the context of decentralization and the discontinuation of the Gulag as a single Union-wide organization. Use is made of central archives in Estonia, Lithuania, Russia, and Ukraine, alongside the State Archive of Magadan Province. Such is the Stalin era’s gravitational pull, there have been relatively few comprehensive assessments of penal reform under Khrushchev, and The Gulag after Stalin is an important contribution to this endeavor. More intensive engagement with the wider historiography of the Khrushchev era might have exposed some instructive connections and causational links between cultural and administrative changes going on both inside and outside the camps. On the other hand, Hardy’s use of scholarship on other, non-Soviet penal systems of the twentieth century (and not simply in the Third Reich, but the USA, and western Europe) is surely one of his most important analytical innovations. It leads The Gulag after Stalin to challenge assumptions found elsewhere in the historiography about the singularity of the Gulag and its status as a microcosm of the Soviet experience. Hardy’s work is part of an ongoing effort to reassess the Gulag and its role in Soviet history. As a convincing reappraisal of the Gulag and, by extension, the character of Soviet authoritarianism, this book is valuable for deepening our understanding of the Soviet system, particularly in the Khrushchev era. Given its global context, it should also be of use to scholars interested in modern penal systems and notions of criminality and rehabilitation.