LAUSR

Macrophages are important immune cells that respond to environmental cues acquiring a range of activation statuses represented by pro-inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes at each end of their spectrum. Characterizing the metabolic signature (metabolic profiling) of different macrophage subsets is a powerful tool to understand the response of the human immune system to different stimuli. Here, the recently developed 3D OrbiSIMS instrument is applied to yield useful insight into the metabolome from individual cells after in vitro differentiation of macrophages into naïve, M1, and M2 phenotypes using different cytokines. This analysis strategy not only requires more than 6 orders of magnitude less sample than traditional mass spectrometry approaches but also allows the study of cell-to-cell variance. Characteristic metabolites in macrophage subsets are identified using a targeted lipid and data-driven multivariate approach highlighting amino acids and other small molecules. The diamino acids alanylasparagine and lipid sphingomyelin SM(d18/16:0) are uniquely found in M1 macrophages, while pyridine and pyrimidine are observed at increased intensity in M2 macrophages, findings which link to known biological pathways. The first demonstration of this capability illustrates the great potential of direct cell analysis for in situ metabolite profiling with the 3D OrbiSIMS to probe functional phenotype at the single-cell level using molecular signatures and to understand the response of the human body to implanted devices and immune diseases.