LAUSR

Critical micelle concentration (CMC) is a crucial parameter of widely used surfactants and many methods have been developed for CMC determination. However, the current methods for CMC determination, such as conductive, surface tension, fluorometric methods, are tedious, time- and sample-consuming because a series of samples with different concentrations of surfactants are needed to be prepared and measured. Although economical, simple and fast titration method for CMC determination (only one sample and several minutes are needed) was reported using changes in the color/fluorescence of ionic organic dyes, it has not been used in practical CMC determination owing to the disadvantages of these dyes: very narrow application range (only suitable for cationic or anionic surfactants), difficultly identified titration end point, especially using different concentrations (10 - 300 μM) for the same kind surfactants. Here, a C6-unsubstituted tetrahydropyrimidine (THP-T1) was found to possess the unique and excellent characteristics in titrated surfactant solutions: above CMC, preferring to dissolve in micelles and showing no emission, not until near/at CMC, being released from micelles and instantly forming aggregates with strong fluorescence. The fluorescence-turn-on change at CMC (titration end point) is so sensitive that it can be clearly observed without comparison of blank and control of dye concentration, and the concentration (c'THP) of THP-T1 in titrated solution at CMC is only about 1 μM for zwitterionic surfactants and 2.5 μM for other kinds of surfactants. The CMC values determined by THP-T1-based titration method are almost the same as those determined by fluorometric method using THP-T1 as probe. THP-T1 overcomes the disadvantages of reported dyes for CMC titration and realizes the economical, simple and fast CMC titration of different kinds of surfactants for the first time.