LAUSR

Antibiotics are released into the environment as their global consumption increases. Uptake, accumulation, and metabolism of antibiotics by food crops is an emerging health concern as the associated risks of consuming food crops containing antibiotics are still largely unknown. This study investigated the fate of sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole, and their phytometabolites during in vitro digestion of the model plantArabidopsis thaliana. The amounts of parent antibiotics released during in vitro digestion were 4-5 times higher than those quantified in plant tissues prior to digestion, which was attributed to back transformation of the phytometabolites into the parent aglycones. These findings demonstrated that overlooking the proportions of phytometabolites in recent health risk assessment studies would considerably underestimate the realistic human exposure through consumption of contaminated food crops. New risk assessment frameworks are necessary to include these critical factors for comprehensively addressing human exposure to emerging contaminants through food chains.