LAUSR

As the typical representatives of diamide insecticides, excessive exposure to flubendiamide and chlorantraniliprole for plants may inevitably pose threats to plant growth and food safety. However, the underlying toxic mechanisms remain unclear. Here, glutathione S-transferase Phi1 from Triticum aestivum was employed as the biomarker to assess oxidative damages. First, flubendiamide displayed much stronger binding affinity with TaGSTF1 than chlorantraniliprole in consistent with molecular docking results, and flubendiamide also exerted more evident effects on the structure of TaGSTF1. Then, glutathione S-transferase activities of TaGSTF1 declined after interaction with these two insecticides, especially for flubendiamide with more hazardous influence. At last, the adverse impacts on the germination and growth of wheat seedlings were further evaluated with more apparent inhibition of flubendiamide. Hence, this study may illustrate the detailed binding mechanisms of TaGSTF1 with these two typical insecticides, evaluate the destructive impacts on plant growth, and further assess the threat to agriculture.