LAUSR

Deep learning has been successfully applied to structure-based protein–ligand affinity prediction, yet the black box nature of these models raises some questions. In a previous study, we presented KDEEP, a convolutional neural network that predicted the binding affinity of a given protein–ligand complex while reaching state-of-the-art performance. However, it was unclear what this model was learning. In this work, we present a new application to visualize the contribution of each input atom to the prediction made by the convolutional neural network, aiding in the interpretability of such predictions. The results suggest that KDEEP is able to learn meaningful chemistry signals from the data, but it has also exposed the inaccuracies of the current model, serving as a guideline for further optimization of our prediction tools.