LAUSR

The practical application of lithium-/sodium-metal batteries is currently hindered by severe safety issues caused by uncontrolled continuous dendrite growth. Semiconductive nanoporous g-C3N4 film has been demonstrated to be an effective protection layer for lithium-/sodium-metal anode, which can suppress the growth of dendrite. However, the underlying mechanism of how this semiconductive flexible thin film works to suppress dendrite growth remains unclear. In this work, we investigate the detailed working mechanism of g-C3N4 protection layer employing both density functional theory calculations and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. The calculation results indicate that g-C3N4 layers show strong adhesion toward the lithium-/sodium-metal surface. When contacting with lithium/sodium metal, the intrinsic triangular nanopores of g-C3N4 will be quickly filled with lithium/sodium atoms, turning the semiconductive g-C3N4 into a metallic material. Lithium/sodium atoms can migrate through the triangular nanopores of stacked g-C3N4 layers via a vacancy-mediated approach with moderate energy barriers of 0.42 and 0.61 eV, respectively. With a low current density, the newly deposited lithium/sodium atoms can permeate through the g-C3N4 protection layers, therefore resulting in a flat electrode surface with no dendrite; with a high current density, however, the newly deposited lithium/sodium atoms cannot transport across the protection layer timely, which will result in the aggregation of lithium/sodium atoms on the surface of the g-C3N4 protection layer.