LAUSR

Recently, EP2 signaling pathways were shown to regulate the classical activation and death of microglia in rat primary microglial culture. The study of microglial cells has been challenging because they are time consuming to isolate in culture, they are demanding in their growth requirements and have a limited lifespan. To circumvent these difficulties, we created a murine BV2 microglial cell line stably expressing human EP2 receptors (BV2-hEP2) and further explored EP2 modulation of microglial functions. The BV2-hEP2 cells displayed cAMP elevation when exposed to the selective EP2 receptor agonists (ONO-AE1-259-1 and CP544326), and this response was competitively inhibited by TG4-155, a selective EP2 antagonist (Schild KB = 2.6 nM). By contrast, untransfected BV2 cells were unresponsive to selective EP2 agonists. Similar to rat primary microglia, BV2-hEP2 microglia treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (100 ng/ml) displayed rapid and robust induction of the inflammatory mediators COX-2, IL-1β, TNFα and IL-6. EP2 activation depressed TNF induction but exacerbated that of the other inflammatory mediators. Like primary microglia, classically-activated BV2 microglia phagocytose fluorescent-labeled latex microspheres. The presence of EP2, but not its activation by agonists, in BV2-hEP2 microglia reduced phagocytosis and proliferation by 65% and 32%, respectively compared to BV2 microglia. Thus, BV2-hEP2 is the first microglial cell line that retains the EP2 modulation of immune regulation and phagocytic ability of native microglia. Suppression of phagocytosis by the EP2 protein appears unrelated to classical EP2 signaling pathways, which has implications for therapeutic development of EP2 antagonists.