LAUSR

In this study, we have demonstrated an innovative single-step, low-cost approach for producing a hybrid layered steel surface with superior properties using waste as the resource. This promising method of transforming an industrial grade steel surface into a multilayered multiphase ceramic/diffused subsurface structure using only the waste source could replace technically challenging and expensive high-performance materials. Strong chemical bonds can be achieved between metal and ceramic structures if a suitable structure can be generated by the judicious choice of materials and processes. We recovered various ceramic materials (Ti, Al, Si/nitrides, oxides, etc.) from a complex mixture of wastes, such as automated shredder residue and metalized plastics from food packaging, through a controlled selective reaction to generate a chemically bonded multiphase ceramic and diffused subsurface on high-carbon steel surface as an ultrahard ceramic surface. The diffused subsurface contains submicrometer-sized carbi...