LAUSR

Effects of wave-driven Langmuir turbulence on the air-sea flux of carbon dioxide (CO$_2$) are examined using large eddy simulations featuring actively reacting carbonate chemistry in the ocean mixed layer at small scales. Four strengths of Langmuir turbulence are examined with three types of carbonate chemistry: time-dependent, instantaneous equilibrium chemistry, and no reactions. The time-dependent model is obtained by reducing a detailed eight-species chemical mechanism using computational singular perturbation analysis, resulting in a quasi-steady-state approximation for hydrogen ion (H$^+$), i.e., fixed pH. The reduced mechanism is then integrated in two half-time steps before and after the advection solve using a Runge--Kutta--Chebyshev scheme that is robust for stiff systems of differential equations. The simulations show that, as the strength of Langmuir turbulence increases, CO$_2$ fluxes are enhanced by rapid overturning of the near-surface layer, which rivals the removal rate of CO$_2$ by time-dependent reactions. Equilibrium chemistry and non-reactive models are found to bring more and less carbon, respectively, into the ocean as compared to the more realistic time-dependent model. These results have implications for Earth system models that either neglect Langmuir turbulence or use equilibrium, instead of time-dependent, chemical mechanisms.