LAUSR

Background Concurrent with the decrease in the number of men diagnosed with prostate cancer (PCa), the proportion of men with low-risk PCa managed conservatively (active surveillance or watchful waiting) has increased in the United States. We aimed to determine whether this increase is a result of more men being managed conservatively or rather a higher proportion of the diminishing number of low-risk PCa managed this way. Methods The SEER “Prostate Watchful Waiting Database” identified men managed initially with conservative management between 2010 and 2016. Men > 40 years old who were diagnosed with low-risk (Gleason score 3 + 3, T1–T2a, PSA level < 10 ng/mL) PCa were included. Age-standardized and age-specific PCa incidence and conservative management rates were calculated per 100,000 man-years. The annual percent change in rates for the entire time period was also calculated. Results The incidence of low-risk PCa declined by 11.8% per year (95% confidence interval [CI] −15.4% to −8.0%), whereas the number of men assigned to conservative management for low-risk disease did not increase significantly, rising by +3.7% per year (95% CI −0.7% to 8.4%). In age-specific analysis, the number of men < 60 years and those who were 60–69 years managed conservatively increased by +9.6% per year (95% CI 2.7% to 16.9%) and 4.5% per year (95% CI 0.1% to 9.1%), respectively, whereas the number of men ≥ 70 years electing conservative management remained stable at −4% per year (95% CI −11.2% to 3.7%). Conclusions The number of men electing conservative management has remained largely stable between 2010 and 2016, despite an increase in the proportion of low-risk PCa managed in this manner.