LAUSR

We have, so far as we know, proposed and demonstrated the first 30 Gb/s four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM4) underwater wireless laser transmission (UWLT) system with an optical beam reducer/expander over 12.5-m piped underwater channel/2.5-m high-turbidity harbour underwater channel. In piped underwater links, the performances of PAM4 UWLT systems get better with beam reduction given a small amount of light absorbed by the piped water. In highly turbid harbour underwater links, the performances of PAM4 UWLT systems get better with beam expansion given a large amount of scattered light received by the optical receiver. The effect of high-turbidity harbour water that induces scattering angle (beam divergence) on beam diameter is analyzed and optimised to enhance the transmission performances. This proposed PAM4 UWLT system, which uses an optical beam reducer/expander, provides a practical choice for high transmission capacity and considerably develops clarity and high-turbidity scenarios. It presents promising features for affording a high-transmission-rate underwater optical wireless transmission and opening an access to accelerate wide applications of UWLT systems.