LAUSR

We synthesized graphene oxide (GO) doped with transition metal ions and characterized it using XPS, FT-IR, TGA/DTG, XRD, SEM, AFM, ICP-OES, UV/vis, and Raman spectroscopy. An intrinsic viscosity [η] of 0.002–0.012 g% @ 0.002 aq-GO was determined for viscosity average molecular weight (Mv) of GO at 288.15, 298.15, and 308.15 K. Mark–Houwink (M–H) constants k (cm3 g−1) and a (cm3 mol g−2) were calculated for 5–15 mg/100 mL polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), using 29, 40, 55 kg mol−1 as markers for calculating Mv by fitting the [η] to the Mark–Houwink–Sakurada equation (MHSE). We obtained 48 134.19 g mol−1Mv at 298.15 K, and the apparent molar (Vϕm, cm3 mol−1), limiting molar volumes (V0GO)GO⃑0, enthalpy (ΔHm, J mol−1), entropy (ΔSm, J mol−1 K−1), viscosity (ηm, mPa s mol−1), surface tension (γm, mN m−1 mol−1), friccohesity (σm, scm−1 mol−1), fractional volume (ϕm, cm3 mol−1), isentropic compressibility (Ksϕ,m, 10−4 cm s2 g−1 mol), infer GO molar consistency throughout the chemical processes. Molar properties (MPs) infer a GO monodispersion producing negative electrons (e−) and positive holes (h+) under sunlight. The transition metal ions (Fe2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Cr3+, TMI) doped onto GO (TMI-GO), can photodegrade methylene blue (MB) in 60 min compared with 120 min using GO alone. The 4011 C atoms, 688 hexagonal sheets, 222 π-conjugations, and 4011 FE were calculated from the 48 134.19 g mol−1. The functional edges are the negative and positive holes generating centres of the GO 2D sheets.