LAUSR

This study jointly addresses two major challenges in power system operations: (i) sustained growth of intermittent offshore wind farms (OWFs) connected to AC grid via multi-terminal voltage source converter (VSC)-based high-voltage DC (HVDC) grid that brings new challenges to the power system operation, and (ii) dealing with non-linearity of the AC power flow equations with the multi-terminal VSC-based HVDC grid model. To overcome these challenges, firstly, to deal with the uncertainties caused by the high penetration of the intermittent OWFs, this study introduces a robust optimisation approach. The proposed framework is computationally efficient and does not require the probability density function of the wind speed. The proposed decision-making framework finds the optimal decision variables in a way that they remain robust against the set of uncertainties. Secondly, the mathematical representation of the full AC optimal power flow (OPF) problem, with the added modelling of multi-terminal VSC-based HVDC grid in a day-ahead scheduling problem, is a mixed-integer non-linear programming (MINLP) optimisation problem, which is computationally burdensome for large-scale systems. Accordingly, this paper proposes a computationally efficient method for adjustment of solutions set points, which is also compatible with existing customary solvers with minimal modification efforts.