LAUSR

The rapid growth of interconnected devices and data traffic necessitates robust mobile networks, especially in rural areas with unreliable grid power. This paper introduces an optimisation framework for the off‐grid green open radio access network architecture utilising renewable energy to meet this demand. The framework aims to optimise power and bandwidth allocation, ensuring high data rates and reliability from sustainable sources. In addition, the CO2 emission factor and the quality of service are also optimised in which several assumptions and network metrics have been incorporated such as power consumption (PC), load demand, number of virtual machines (VMs) and maintenance cost. The problem is formulated as the weighted nonlinear problem. First, the model has been formulated using simplified data rate assumption and has been solved mathematically using Lagrange multipliers. Subsequently, the mathematical problem has been solved using the gradient descent numerical solution and then compared with sequential quadratic programming (SQP) and interior point algorithms. The second assumption is formulated as the data rate considering the noise and interference factors; the comparative analysis of SQP, active set and interior point algorithms has been presented. The third case assumed the dynamic behaviour of the network of users and VMs, where the problem is also solved mathematically and numerically. Empirical evidence from rural deployments confirms the enhancement of mobile coverage and service provision through the integration of solar and wind‐powered base stations.