LAUSR

This study investigates the low‐frequency oscillations (LFOs) in MMC‐MVDC systems with high photovoltaic (PV) penetration, considering the whole operating conditions of the grid‐connected MMC, including both the inverter and rectifier modes. First, the multi‐port impedance models of converters and networks are developed, upon which a stability criterion is defined. The mechanism of LFOs is then identified using bus participation analysis and parameter sensitivity analysis. In addition, the stable zones of the dominant parameters are identified, taking into account the whole operating conditions of the grid‐connected MMC. Interestingly, a phase‐locked loop may induce LFOs in two low‐frequency ranges. Finally, the experimental results confirm the correctness of the theoretical analysis.