LAUSR

knowledge through the scientific process. All scientific observations are, however, prone to bias. One form of bias that is particularly important is a financial conflict of interest (COI). The potential for financial gain can significantly influence how authors present, as well as how readers interpret, scientific data. Although it is not possible to eliminate these biases, it is critically important that such COIs be disclosed so that readers can take them into account when interpreting scientific results. In this article, we review the principles of COI disclosure with regard to scientific publications, and we highlight how our journals manage such COIs. Several recent high-profile examples of nondisclosure of COIs have raised the awareness of how this can inappropriately influence the scientific process [1, 2]. Failure to disclose a relevant COI is a major ethical violation. Most scientific journals, including ours, follow the principles outlined by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) as well as the Committee on Publications Ethics (COPE). The ICMJE defines COIs as “relationships with entities in the bio-medical arena that could be perceived to influence, or that give the appearance of potentially influencing, what you wrote in the submitted work” [3]. The scope of this relationship is quite broad. It includes relationships that are both directly influential, such as consulting income from a company that makes the specific product being studied, as well as more broadly influential, such as companies or other entities that make similar or competing products. For example, if a scientific article is about a particular endoscopic stent, any relationship with the manufacturer of that stent or the manufacturer of competing stents or related devices should be disclosed. Other relevant conflicts of interest include patents or copyrights or other intellectual property related to the product or technique described in the publication, ownership of a company, or significant stock in a company. This may also extend to the spouse of the author. Of note, ownership of general stock funds, such as mutual funds or index funds, is generally not considered a COI because the purchase or sale of individual companies within those funds is outside of the control of the author. The timeframe for inclusion varies somewhat from journal to journal. The ICMJE recommends a timeframe that includes any relationships or anticipated payments within the prior 36 months. The author may not be the direct recipient of funds but should disclose consulting fees, research grants, or funds paid to the individual’s institution on their behalf. Other nonfinancial support should also be reported, including the provision of drugs or devices, travel expenses, administrative support, or writing assistance. In the United States, a central reporting system has been developed for this purpose. All medical companies that provide support to physicians are required to report on this Federal website [4]. Although there are known limitations and inaccuracies of these data, the site does provide a central and transparent source of information to crosscheck potential COIs. Our journals routinely crosscheck this website when articles are submitted from U.S.-based authors. This is particularly true for manuscripts that report on a specific company’s product. In Ethics in Publication part 3: Conflicts of Interest