LAUSR

To identify recurrent inflammation in hemophilia, we assessed the acute-phase response in the blood of patients with hemophilia A and B. Compared to age- and weight-matched controls, blood levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP) and LPS-binding protein (LBP) were significantly elevated in the entire cohort of hemophilia patients but exhibited a particularly pronounced increase in obese hemophilia patients with a body mass index (BMI) > 30. Subgroup analysis of the remaining non-obese hemophilia patients (BMI 18-29.9) revealed a significant spike of IL-6, CRP and LBP in connection with a de-novo increase of soluble IL-6 receptor α (sIL-6Rα) in patients with bleeding events within the last month. Hemophilia patients that did not experience recent bleeding had IL-6, CRP and sIL-6Rα blood levels similar to healthy controls. We did not find increased IL-6 or acute-phase reactants in hemophilia patients with arthropathy or infectious disease. The role of IL-6 as a marker of bleeding in hemophilia was confirmed in hemophilia patients with acute bleeding events as well as in transgenic hemophilia mice after needle puncture of the knee, which exhibited an extensive hematoma and a 150-fold increase of IL-6 blood levels within 7 days of the injury compared to needle-punctured control mice. Notably, IL-6 blood levels shrunk to a 4-fold elevation in hemophilia mice over controls after 28 days, when the hematoma was replaced by arthrofibrosis. These findings indicate that acute-phase reactants in combination with sIL-6Rα could be sensitive biomarkers for the detection of acute and recent bleeding events in hemophilia.