LAUSR

In energy distribution systems, micro hubs are concerned about cost, whereas utilities or macro energy hubs (MEHs) are sensitive to network load deviations. This paper investigates the nature of the customer-utility relationship using a two-step methodology. In the first step, a two-tier centralized MEH model is proposed for residential customers. In the second step, a mathematical model describing the nature of the cost-deviation relation is developed using the bi-variate regression analysis technique. The MEH model is solved using particle swarm optimization (PSO) and flower pollination algorithm (FPA) in MATLAB and proved that FPA is superior to both PSO and mixed integer linear programming. The analysis of the results shows that the cost-deviation relationship is complex, non-linear, and random in nature. Due to cost-deviation non-linearity, the deviation inflates while minimizing cost at the building level. Therefore, deviation minimization is necessary to ensure network stability. At the network lev...