LAUSR

This paper highlights an attempt of comparing the performance of several energy storage (ES) devices such as battery ES, flywheel ES, capacitive ES, superconducting magnetic ES, ultra-capacitors, and redox flow batteries (RFBs) in automatic generation control of an interconnected system. The considered system comprises conventional thermal, hydro, wind, and solar photovoltaic generations wherein a geothermal power plant (GTPP) is also incorporated. The thermal and hydro systems are provided with appropriate generation rate constraints. A new fractional order (FO) cascade controller named as the FO proportional-integral–FO proportional-integral-derivative (FOPI-FOPID) is proposed as a secondary controller, and its performance is compared with the commonly used classical controllers. A powerful stochastic algorithm called the Sine Cosine Algorithm has been used to optimize the controller gains and other parameters. Analyses of the dynamic responses reveal the superiority of FOPI-FOPID over the others in ter...