LAUSR

We examine the turbulent boundary layers developing over convergent-divergent riblets (C-D riblets) with three different heights (h+ = 8, 14, and 20) at Reθ = 723 using particle image velocimetry. It is observed that although a logarithmic region presents in the velocity profiles over the converging and diverging line, Townsend’s outer-layer similarity hypothesis is invalid. Compared to the smooth-wall case, C-D riblets with a height of 2.4% of the smooth-wall boundary layer thickness can cause a significant increase in the turbulence production activities over the converging region, as evidenced by a more than 50% increase in the turbulent shear stress and in the population of prograde and retrograde spanwise vortices. In contrast, the impact of riblets on the diverging region is much smaller. The slope of vortex packets becomes steeper, and they are more streamwise stretched in the outer layer over the diverging region, whereas their shape and orientation is less affected over the converging region. Furthermore, the number of uniform momentum zones across the boundary layer increases over the converging region, causing a reduction in the thickness of uniform momentum zones in the outer part of the boundary layer. Overall, while an increased riblet height affects a large portion of the boundary layer away from the wall over the converging region, the impact on the diverging region is largely confined within the near-wall region. Such distinct differences in the response of the boundary layer over the diverging and converging region are attributed to the opposite local secondary flow motion induced by C-D riblets.We examine the turbulent boundary layers developing over convergent-divergent riblets (C-D riblets) with three different heights (h+ = 8, 14, and 20) at Reθ = 723 using particle image velocimetry. It is observed that although a logarithmic region presents in the velocity profiles over the converging and diverging line, Townsend’s outer-layer similarity hypothesis is invalid. Compared to the smooth-wall case, C-D riblets with a height of 2.4% of the smooth-wall boundary layer thickness can cause a significant increase in the turbulence production activities over the converging region, as evidenced by a more than 50% increase in the turbulent shear stress and in the population of prograde and retrograde spanwise vortices. In contrast, the impact of riblets on the diverging region is much smaller. The slope of vortex packets becomes steeper, and they are more streamwise stretched in the outer layer over the diverging region, whereas their shape and orientation is less affected over the converging region. Fur...