LAUSR

The fractional uncertainty of the 40Ca+ optical clock in our laboratory has been evaluated to be 2.2 × 10 − 17, but it is difficult to evaluate the statistical uncertainty of the output frequency at this level, limited by the frequency stability associated with the quantum projection noise (QPN). A reduction in the stability is required to shorten the averaging time for a certain statistical uncertainty level. To improve the stability, the Ramsey method is introduced in the locking process. To improve the reliability and continuity, we introduce the idea of using auxiliary Rabi probes to avoid fringe slips in the Ramsey interrogation and to automatically search for resonance. The stability of a single 40Ca+ ion frequency standard is improved from 6.3 × 10 − 15 / τ to 2.5 × 10 − 15 / τ, where τ is the averaging time in seconds, which is close to the QPN limit for an 80-ms-long Ramsey interrogation. We obtain a stability of 1.5 × 10 − 17 at an averaging time of 21 000 s and an uptime rate of 93.8% for a 34-h-long run. These methods can easily be applied to other ion or neutral atom optical clocks.