LAUSR

The proximity interference and the vortex dislocation are fundamental fluid dynamic features that determine a wake pattern of dual-step circular cylinders in a side-by-side arrangement. Each dual-step cylinder consists of two coaxial cylinders with different diameters. A complex wake modulation is expected due to an intrinsic interaction between the vortex shedding of the larger-diameter cylinder (LC) and the smaller-diameter cylinder (SC), and to the cross-wake interaction of side-by-side cylinders in a uniform flow. To understand the physics of fluid wake modulations, three-dimensional direct numerical simulations of the flow around a pair of dual-step circular cylinders in side-by-side arrangements are performed and investigated. Six simulation cases are presented with different combinations of diameter ratio (1.33–2.00), gap ratio (1.00–3.17), and the Reynolds number (60–200) in a laminar flow regime, providing key insights into the two distinct LC-dominated and SC-governing wake modulation characteristics. For the LC-dominated wake modulation, the wake pattern of side-by-side cylinders is determined by the predominant vortex dynamics in the LC wake. For the SC-governing wake modulation, the LC wake pattern becomes modulated and controlled by the SC wake through the connections of vortex tubes shed downstream of the two nonuniform cylinders. Owing to the proximity interference and vortex dislocation, these new evolutionary wake modulations result in distinct wake patterns, vortex structures, and associated hydrodynamic force features for the pair of side-by-side dual-step circular cylinders.