LAUSR

This research proposes a novel cascaded controller attached with filters for regulating the load frequency control of an islanded AC microgrid (MG) system. Significant frequency variations could arise from rapid load fluctuations and uncertainties in renewable energy sources (RESs). Electric vehicles (EVs) have also been connected to this MG system in a residential parking area. A random entrance/exit time of EVs in the parking area and failures in RESs may also result in a significant frequency deviation, which is not yet addressed in any literature. This research primarily examines frequency deviations arising from the random entry and exit of EVs in the parking lot and from RES outages. The controller's gain setting has been adjusted by the extended stochastic coati optimization approach. Using MATLAB/Simulink simulation, a detailed investigation verifies the proposed controller's effectiveness and robustness against various operating situations and internal parametric uncertainties. Frequency stability has been evaluated using Bode plots and eigenvalue analysis. The result has also been validated through hardware simulation using OPAL-RT.