LAUSR

Significance It is now established that many neurons can release multiple transmitters. Recent studies revealed that fast-acting neurotransmitters, glutamate and GABA, are coreleased from the same presynaptic terminals in some adult brain regions. The dentate gyrus (DG) granule cells (GCs) are innervated by the hypothalamic supramammillary nucleus (SuM) afferents that corelease glutamate and GABA. However, how these functionally opposing neurotransmitters contribute to DG information processing remains unclear. We show that glutamatergic, but not GABAergic, cotransmission exhibits long-term potentiation (LTP) at SuM-GC synapses. By the excitatory selective LTP, the excitation/inhibition balance of SuM inputs increases, and GC firing is enhanced. This study provides evidence that glutamatergic/GABAergic cotransmission balance is rapidly changed in an activity-dependent manner, and such plasticity may modulate DG activity.