LAUSR

In recent decades, many jurisdictions have extended access to various forms of convenience voting, especially early voting. Research on these changes in electoral procedures has often focused on the effects on turnout and electorate composition. However, procedural changes can also have indirect informational and social effects on voters and on campaign activities [Gronke, Paul, Eva Galanes-Rosenbaum, Peter A. Miller and Daniel Toffey. 2008. Convenience voting. Annual Review of Political Science 11: 437–55]. This article provides a systematic review of secondary sources that examine the indirect effects of changes in voting procedures on the intensity or focus of voter mobilisation. The article concludes that there is sufficient evidence of indirect or secondary effects and that these should be more explicitly recognised by scholars and policymakers when evaluating electoral innovations aimed at increasing turnout. From this a continuum of the influence of these secondary effects on the mobilisation environment is constructed to inform policy debate and to help structure future research.