LAUSR

Abstract Background Standard endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) frequently fails to treat biliary obstruction in patients with altered gastrointestinal anatomy. Balloon enteroscopy-assisted ERC (BE-ERC) and combined percutaneous transhepatic endoscopic rendezvous procedures (PTE-RVs) may offer effective rescue approaches. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of BE-ERC and PTE-RV for the treatment of biliary obstruction in patients with altered gastrointestinal anatomy. Methods In this observational study, all patients with altered gastrointestinal anatomy underwent BE-ERC between 2003 and 2016 at a tertiary referral center. In case of procedural failure, a combined PTE-RV was performed in selected cases. Endpoints included the success and safety of the procedures. Results A total of 180 BE-ERC performed in 106 patients with altered gastrointestinal anatomy were included. Of the procedures, 76.7% were performed due to benign and 23.3% due to malignant biliary obstruction. BE-ERC was successful in 53% (96/180) of cases. In case of failure, in 23/32 cases a combined PTE-RV was successfully performed, improving the overall success rate of BE-ERC, including PTE-RV, to 66% (119/180). Benign biliary obstruction and repeated procedures were positive predictors of successful BE-ERC (odds ratio 6.8 (95% CI 2.7–17.0), p < .001 and odds ratio 4.1 (2.1–8.2), p < .001). Complications were significantly more frequent in combined PTE-RVs than in BE-ERC procedures alone (34.4% vs. 7.4%; p < .001). Conclusions BE-ERC is effective and safe for the endoscopic management of patients with altered gastrointestinal anatomy and percutaneous transhepatic rendezvous procedures can substantially increase success rates in selected cases.