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When surveying through a water surface, a distortion of several centimetres caused by the refraction and the change in the velocity of the electromagnetic waves can be observed. Therefore, neither… Click to show full abstract
When surveying through a water surface, a distortion of several centimetres caused by the refraction and the change in the velocity of the electromagnetic waves can be observed. Therefore, neither the position nor the height of an underwater point (object), which can be seen from above the water surface, is correctly measured. The authors want to point out the magnitude of geometric errors when measuring to points under water as well as the computation of correct under water positions of points from measurement through a water layer. A practical experiment was performed for a water depth of 0.16 m.
Journal Title: Survey Review
Year Published: 2019
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