Abstract The tragedy of the commons was repeated frequently in the past causing ecological collapse. However, catastrophe can be averted by the help of four mechanisms. We applied for the… Click to show full abstract
Abstract The tragedy of the commons was repeated frequently in the past causing ecological collapse. However, catastrophe can be averted by the help of four mechanisms. We applied for the first time the tragedy of the commons model to the environmental history of Tikopia, a small Pacific island. The chances to avert the tragedy are highest when the four mechanisms are used simultaneously, and we have found that Tikopians probably did that. The question is relevant because only two mechanisms are preferred today. This may be a pivotal reason why we have been unable to solve the ecological crisis so far.
               
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