LAUSR

Abstract Purpose To investigate the safety, efficacy, and the immune responses of focused ultrasound in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Methods Patients with biopsy-confirmed CIN were recruited for focused ultrasound treatment and asked to return during 3–6 and 6–12 months post-treatment to receive cervical cytology, high-risk human papilloma virus (HPV) detection, and colposcopy. The effective rate was evaluated within 3–6 months, whereas the recurrence rate was evaluated within 6–12 months. Cervicovaginal lavage and cervical tissue were sampled before and 3–6 months after treatment. The expression of interferon gamma (IFN-γ), endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1), human leucocyte antigen I (HLA-I), cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4), and cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8) in the cervical tissue were observed by immunohistochemistry. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) levels in the cervicovaginal lavage were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Comparisons were made in immune analyte levels before and after treatment. Results We analyzed the results of 154 patients. The effective rate at 3–6 months was 96.8%. The recurrence rate at 6–12 months was 2.0%. The eradication rate of HPV was 72.4% at 3–6 months and 81.0% at 6–12 months. No serious adverse reactions and complications were observed. After treatment, a higher expression of ERAP1 was observed (p < 0.05). Significant down-regulation of IgA and IL-10 were detected (each p < 0.05). However, the expression of CD4, CD8, HLA-I, as well as the release of IFN-γ, did not reach statistical significance (each p > 0.05). Conclusions Focused ultrasound is an effective and safe therapy for treating CIN, which could improve the local immune milieu of the cervix to some extent.