LAUSR

ABSTRACT Background: Eveningness is associated with greater depressive symptoms in the general population. Depression and type 2 diabetes (T2D) commonly coexist. We aimed to explore the association between morningness–eveningness and depressive symptoms in T2D patients in the United States and in Thailand. Participants: T2D patients (n = 182) from an endocrinology clinic in Chicago, Illinois, and six hospitals in Thailand (n = 251) were enrolled. Methods: Diabetes history was collected. Depressive symptoms were assessed by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D). The Chicago cohort completed the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) and the Thai cohort completed the Composite Scale of Morningness (CSM). Sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Results: The mean (SD) CES-D score was 13.7 (9.1) in Chicago and 11.9 (6.4) in Thailand. In Chicago participants, after adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, hemoglobin A1c, insulin use, and PSQI score, greater eveningness (lower MEQ scores) was associated with higher CESD scores (B = –0.117, p = 0.048). In Thai participants, after adjusting for age, sex, and PSQI score, eveningness (lower CSM score) was associated with higher CES-D score (B = –0.147, p = 0.016). In both cohorts, however, eveningness was not independently associated with the likelihood of being in the at-risk range for clinical depression (CES-D ≥ 16). Conclusions: Eveningness is independently associated with greater depressive symptoms in T2D in two different ethnic cohorts. The results support the association between individual differences in circadian rhythms and psychological functioning in T2D.