a. administrative data (student-level longitudinal data, institutional data, individual census and tax records, geo-coded data, etc.); b. natural language and text data (text-as-data from textbooks, policy documents, websites, social media… Click to show full abstract
a. administrative data (student-level longitudinal data, institutional data, individual census and tax records, geo-coded data, etc.); b. natural language and text data (text-as-data from textbooks, policy documents, websites, social media interactions, online classroom conversations, and the like); c. data from digital education environments (MOOC data, data from technologyenhanced courses and programs); d. data scraped from websites and social media platforms, including online transactions; e. biological, neurological, and genetic data (FMRI scan data, cortisol data, polygenic score data); and f. social network data.
               
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