LAUSR

We found that random errors of foot measurements taken between-days are similar to those of repeated measurements taken within the same session. Therefore, foot measurements taken at any moment can be a good reference, at least, in the short-term. Further research will be required to quantify long-term foot changes in adults. We found no evidence of relevant (>1%) foot measurement variations in healthy adults during the day. This supports previous studies in foot volume changes (Moholkar & Fenelon, 2001). Foot shape depends greatly on loading conditions. Under HWB condition, the foot widths, lengths, and girths increase significantly (1–4%), while heights decrease ( 5%). Our results with European population are consistent with previous studies on Asian, American, and African populations (Houston et al., 2006; Oladipo, Bob-Manuel, & Ezenatein, 2009; Xiong, Goonetilleke, Zhao, Li, & Witana, 2009). Thus, product design and clinical assessment processes using foot measurements must consider the loading conditions because the effects are larger than half a US footwear size (and nearly a full EU size). Disclosure statement