LAUSR

ABSTRACT The functionality of the materials used for energy applications is critically determined by the physical properties of small active regions such as dopants, dislocations, interfaces, grain boundaries, etc. The capability to manipulate and utilize the inevitable disorder in materials, whether due to the finite-dimensional defects (such as vacancies, dopants, grain boundaries) or due to the complete atomic randomness (as in amorphous materials), can bring innovation in designing energy materials. With the increase in computational material science capabilities, it is now possible to understand the complexity present in materials due to various degrees of disorder resulting in pathways required for optimizing their efficiencies. This article provides a critical overview of such computational advancements specifically for designing realistic materials with various types of disorders for sustainable energy applications such as catalysts and electrochemical devices. The ultimate goal is to gain a thorough knowledge of the traditional approaches (implemented via tools such as density functional theory, and molecular dynamics) as well as modern approaches such as machine learning that exist for modeling the disorder present in materials, thereby identify the future opportunities for energy materials design and discovery. Graphical abstract