LAUSR

This review provides an update on the current state of cryopreservation studies coupled with ultrastructural observation. Research in these fields has evolved and advanced since its inception in the 1950s. Different techniques have different advantages, but the researcher's technical proficiency is also necessary to derive a sound conclusion. Sperm samples are the most widely studied specimen because they are less sensitive to freezing and have high fluidity in the membrane and low water content. Some studies have also investigated oocytes, embryos, larvae, and algae from aquatic species. Cryopreservation studies have formulated a method applicable to every species of interest to preserve their biodiversity and prevent extinction. However, the avoidance of cryoinjury because of intracellular ice formation is a species-specific challenge. More comprehensive studies on ultrastructural observation can assist in understanding the underlying mechanisms of failed cellular responses to cryopreservation. Thus, optimizing protocols and increasing the survival rates of thawed samples can improve current cryopreservation techniques. Nevertheless, investigations into the effects of freezing on organisms' ultrastructure remain limited, especially regarding aquatic organisms.