LAUSR

BACKGROUND Secondary lung infections are the primary cause of morbidity associated with cystic fibrosis lung disease. Aerosolized antibiotic inhalation is potentially advantageous but has limited effectiveness due to altered airway aerodynamics and deposition patterns that limit drug access to infected regions. One potential strategy to better reach infected areas is to formulate aerosols with surfactants that induce surface tension gradients and drive postdeposition drug dispersal via Marangoni transport along the airway surface liquid (ASL). Since this relies on surfactant-induced surface tension reduction, the presence of endogenous lipid monolayers may hinder drug dispersal performance. METHODS Tobramycin solutions were formulated with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), a major component of endogenous pulmonary surfactant, to drive postdeposition aerosol dispersal across a model ASL based on a liquid layer or "subphase" of aqueous porcine gastric mucin (PGM) solution with predeposited DPPC monolayers to mimic the endogenous surfactant. In vitro subphase samples were collected from regions outside the aerosol deposition zone and assayed for tobramycin concentration using a closed enzyme donor immunoassay. The motion of a tracking bead across the subphase surface and the corresponding decrease in surface tension on aerosol deposition were tracked both with and without a predeposited DPPC monolayer. The surface tension/area isotherm for DPPC on PGM solution subphase was measured to aid in the interpretation of the tobramycin dispersal behavior. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Transport of tobramycin away from the deposition region occurs in aerosols formulated with DPPC whether or not predeposited lipid is present, and tobramycin concentrations are similar in both cases across biologically relevant length scales (∼8 cm). When DPPC is deposited from an aerosol, it induces ultralow surface tensions (<5 mN/m), which drive Marangoni flows, even in the presence of a dense background layer of DPPC. Therefore, aerosolized phospholipids, such as DPPC, will likely be effective spreading agents in the human lung.