Ocean warming events, such as the recent 2015 El Niño in the California current ecosystem, and demanding life stages, such as reproduction, can cause chronic stress in sea lions. We… Click to show full abstract
Ocean warming events, such as the recent 2015 El Niño in the California current ecosystem, and demanding life stages, such as reproduction, can cause chronic stress in sea lions. We demonstrate that stress hormones are associated with metabolism and immune markers in chronically stressed animals.
               
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