LAUSR

AIMS A unique Andean population lives in the highest city of the world (La Rinconada, 5,100  m, Peru) and frequently develops a maladaptive syndrome, termed chronic mountain sickness (CMS). Both extreme altitude and CMS are a challenge for the cardiovascular system. This study aims to evaluate cardiac remodelling and pulmonary circulation at rest and during exercise in healthy and CMS highlanders. METHODS Highlanders living permanently at 3,800  m (n = 23) and 5,100  m (n = 55) with (n = 38) or without CMS (n = 17) were compared to 18 healthy lowlanders. Rest and exercise echocardiography were performed to describe cardiac remodelling, pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). Total blood volume (BV) and haemoglobin mass were determined in all people. RESULTS With the increase in altitude of residency, the right heart dilated with an impairment in right ventricle systolic function, while the left heart exhibited a progressive concentric remodelling with grade I diastolic dysfunction but without systolic dysfunction. Those modifications were greater in moderate-severe CMS patients. Mean PAP was higher both at rest and during exercise in healthy highlanders at 5,100  m. The moderate-severe CMS subjects had a higher PVR at rest and a larger increase in PAP during exercise. The right heart remodelling was correlated with PAP, total BV and SpO2. CONCLUSIONS Healthy dwellers at 5,100  m, exhibit both right heart dilatation and left ventricle concentric remodelling with diastolic dysfunction. Those modifications are even more pronounced in moderate-severe CMS subjects and could represent the limit of the heart's adaptability before progression to heart failure.