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Mullerian Duct Anomalies- An Overview Prof. Sudha Prasad President Indian Fertility Society, Director, Matritava Advanced IVF & Training Centre, New Delhi, India Congenital anomalies of the mullerian duct system is one of the complex disorder encountered in gynecological practice. Mullerian ducts are paired embryological structures which undergo fusion and resorption in utero to form the uterus, fallopian tubes, cervix and upper two-thirds of the vagina. Disruption in the mullerian duct development throughout embryogenesis could result a large spectrum of inherent abnormalities identified as mullerian duct anomalies (MDAs). There is a wide variation in the prevalence of MDAs across various studies, ranging from 1–10% in the general population to 2–8% among infertile women and 5–30% among women with a history of miscarriage. These discrepancies in the reported prevalence are mainly attributed to lack of a universal classification system. Different varieties of malformations can occur when this system is not well developed. It ranges from absence of uterus, cervix or vagina, septum/duplication of vagina to of the uterus and vagina to minor uterine cavity abnormalities. Mullerian malformations are frequently associated with abnormalities of the renal and axial skeletal systems. Therefore, on initial examination of MDAs patients, these points should be kept in mind. Most mullerian duct anomalies (MDAs) are associated with functioning ovaries and age-appropriate external genitalia. These abnormalities are often recognized after the onset of puberty. After the onset of puberty, young women often present to the gynecologist with menstrual disorders. Late presentations include infertility and obstetric complications. A meta-analysis of nine studies comprising 3805 women with congenital uterine anomalies reviewed the obstetric outcome. The study reported that canalization defects such as septate and partial septate uteri had reduce fertility and increase rates of miscarriage and preterm delivery. None of the unification defects (bicornuate, unicornuate and didelphic uteri) reduce fertility but some are related to miscarriage and prematurity. Arcuate uteri are specifically associated with second-trimester miscarriage. All uterine abnormalities increase the risk of fetal malformation during delivery1. A retrospective longitudinal study concluded that reproductive performance of the unicornuate and didelphys uteri was poor (20–30% chance of carrying a pregnancy to term), while that of the septate and bicornuate uteri (live birth rate of 62%) was better than expected. The arcuate uterus had no impact on reproductive performance of women2. Agenesis of uterus and vagina requires surgical techniques, such as the Vecchietti and McIndoe procedures, have enabled many women to have normal sexual relations. Uterine transplant has changed the perspective of all other surgical advances and assisted reproductive technologies to improve fertility and obstetric outcomes3, 4,5.