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David M. Alvarado, PhD,∗,# Juhee Son, BS,† Larissa B. Thackray, PhD,‡ Maria Florencia, Gomez Castro PhD,† Sarada Prasad, BS,∗ Xueyang Cui, MD,∗,¶ Naomi M Sonnek, MS,∗ Michael S. Diamond, MD, PhD,†,‡,§ Siyuan Ding, PhD,† and Matthew A. Ciorba, MD∗,#, From the ∗Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA †Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA ‡Divison of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA §Divison of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA ¶Department of Anorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning, China #These two authors contributed equally to this article. Address correspondence to: Matthew A. Ciorba, MD 660 S. Euclid St., Campus Box 8124, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA ([email protected]).