LAUSR

AIMS This study aims to quantify antimicrobial consumption (AMC) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in tertiary care hospitals in Pakistan. METHODS AND RESULTS This observational study was conducted at two tertiary care hospitals of Pakistan over a 1-year period. The AMC and resistance patterns of Escherichia coli isolates collected from hospitals were observed and analysed using the pearson correlation coefficient. AMC in hospitals varied between 0.00186 and 0.72 (Mean = 0.12 ± 0.191) Defined Daily Dose (DDDs)/1000 patient-days. Fluoroquinolones were the most consumed antimicrobial followed by penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and aminoglycosides. Antimicrobial-resistant rates in hospitals varied between 92.2% and 34.6%. The highest resistance rate was observed for moxifloxacin, followed by ampicillin, cefotaxime, amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, amoxiclav, and amikacin. Statistically significant association was found between AMC and resistance rate for ampicillin (r = 0.78, P = 0.032), cefotaxime (r = 0.87, P = 0.012), ceftriaxone (r = 0.67, P = 0.042), and ciprofloxacin (r = 0.63, P = 0.031). Additionally, there was a significant association between fluoroquinolone consumption and the resistance rate of third generation cephalosporins (r = 0.61, P = 0.032), and significance was also found when all antimicrobials were combined into 1 analysis (r = 0.721, P = 0.032). CONCLUSION This data documented a significant association between AMC and resistant rates for multiple antimicrobial agents.