LAUSR

Unlike in terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems, light fields in oceans fluctuate due to both horizontal current and vertical mixing. Diatoms thrive and dominate the phytoplankton community in these fluctuating light fields. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate diatom acclimation and adaptation to light fluctuations are poorly understood. Here, we performed transcriptome sequencing, metabolome profiling, and 13C-tracer labeling on the model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. The diatom acclimated to constant light conditions was transferred to six different light conditions, including constant light (CL5d), short-term (1 h) high light (sHL1h), and short-term (1 h) and long-term (5 d) mild or severe light fluctuation conditions (mFL1h, sFL1h, mFL5d, sFL5d) that mimicked land and ocean light levels. We identified 2673 transcripts (25% of the total expressed genes) expressed differentially under different fluctuating light regimes. We also identified 497 transcription factors, 228 not reported previously, which exhibited higher expression under light fluctuations, including 7 with a light-sensitive PAS domain and 10 predicted to regulate genes related to light harvesting complex (LHC) proteins. Our data showed that prolonged pre-conditioning in severe light fluctuation enhanced photosynthesis in P. tricornutum under this condition, as evidenced by increased oxygen evolution accompanied by the upregulation of Rubisco and light harvesting proteins. Furthermore, severe light fluctuation diverted the metabolic flux of assimilated carbon preferentially towards fatty acid storage over sugar and protein. Our results suggest that P. tricornutum use a series of complex and different responsive schemes in photosynthesis and carbon metabolism to optimize their growth under mild and severe light fluctuations. These insights underscore the importance of using more intense conditions when investigating the resilience of phytoplankton to light fluctuations.