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STUDY OBJECTIVES Increased incidence of narcolepsy was reported in children during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic following Pandemrix®, a H1N1 flu vaccine. A link with A(H1N1)pdm09 infections remains controversial. Using nationwide surveillance data from China (1990 to 2017), the epidemiology of narcolepsy was analyzed. METHODS Individual records of narcolepsy patients were collected from 15 of 42 hospitals across China known to diagnose cases. Incidence was estimated assuming representativeness of these hospitals. Age-specific incidence, epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients were evaluated before, during, and after the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. Sensitivity analyses were conducted by including NT1 cases only and to exclude the effect of 2009 H1N1 vaccination. RESULTS Average annual incidence was 0.79 per 100,000 person-years (PY) from 1990 to 2017 and 1.08 per 100,000 PY from 2003 to 2017. Incidence increased 4.17 (95%CI 4.12, 4.22) and 1.42 (95%CI 1.41, 1.44) fold during and after the 2009 H1N1 pandemic when compared to baseline. These results were robust in sensitivity analyses. Patients with onset of narcolepsy during the pandemic period were younger (notably in 5-9-year-old strata), and age shift toward younger children reversed to baseline following the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS Increased incidence of narcolepsy was observed during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic period. This is likely to be associated with the circulation of the wild-type A(H1N1)pdm09 virus. This observation should be considered for future influenza pandemic preparedness plans.