LAUSR

American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) is a perennial herb whose dried roots are used for health care products, medicine, and food in China (Yuan et al. 2010). Shandong Province is the main area growing American ginseng and contributes more than 50% of the production in China. Wendeng city, located in the east of Shandong Peninsula, is the primary production area of American ginseng in Shandong Province since it has four distinct seasons, sufficient light, loose soil (pH 5.5～7.0), and with thus a similar geographical environment and climate conditions to the American ginseng production area of the United States and Canada. In March 2016, 2-year old American ginseng plants that were planted directly into the ground in the greenhouses in Wendeng city, contained up to 6-10% stunted plants. Water-soaked lesions were observed on the crowns and the tips of fine roots. The leaves of the infected plants became scalded, dark green starting at the top of the plants and gradually move downward. Moreover, the leaves and petioles gradually curled withered and drooped, and the whole plant collapsed. Tissue samples, 10 mm in size, were excised from the water-soaked roots and crowns of diseased plants, rinsed under running water for 24 hours, dipped in a 0.2% calcium hypochlorite solution for 10 minutes, placed on sterile filter paper to dry and then placed on V8 medium (200 mL V8 Campbell Soup, 15 g agar, 0.2 g CaCO3, and 1 L distilled water) and incubated in the dark at 28 °C for 5 days. Five Pythium-like isolates which were arachnoid-cottony on cornmeal agar were isolated and they all produced hyphal swellings, oogonia, antheridia and oospores. Oospores were globose, smooth and plerotic, with some being aplerotic. The dimensions of hyphal swellings, oogonia and oospores respectively ranged from 9.0 to 21.3 (average 14.1) µm, 12.9 to 22.5 (average 18.2) µm, and 12.5 to 20.5 (average 16.7) µm. Finger-like projections were uniformly distributed on the walls of the oogonia and the antheridia were curved rods. The five Pythium-like isolates were identified as P. spinosum based on morphological characteristics (van der Plaats-Niterink, 1981). Genomic DNA was extracted from the isolates of the Pythium sp. using a DNA extraction kit (OMEGA, U.S.A.). The cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region rDNA were amplified and sequenced using primers FM55/FM52R (Long et al. 2012) and ITS1/ITS4, respectively (White et al.1990). The five COI sequences were aligned and were identical for all five isolates, as well as the five ITS sequences. BLASTn analysis of the 538-bp COI sequence (accession no. MT822775) resulted in a 99% identity with that of the P. spinosum strain CBS122663 (accession no. HQ708832.1), and the 916-bp ITS sequence (accession no. MN847595) showed 100% identity with Genbank accession number AB217665 belonging to P. spinosum. Koch's postulates were confirmed. Corn kernels that had been soaked in water for 24 hours in water, autoclaved for 2 hours at 121˚C and allowed to cool were inoculated with agar plugs of P. spinosum grown on corn meal agar medium (CMA) for 10 days. The inoculated corn kernels were incubated at 28 ℃ for 13～15 days, until the corn kernels were covered with white hypha of P. spinosum. Ten healthy approximately 2-years old American ginseng plants growing in Wengdeng greenhouses were transplanted into a sterilized potting soil that was artificially infested with the corn inoculum (3 g inoculum per 100 g loam mixture). Inoculated and non-inoculated control plants were maintained in a greenhouse with a roof covered with sunshade net at 28 °C and 100% relative humidity. The experiment was repeated once. Four days after inoculation (DAI), the crown of inoculated plants developed water-soaked symptoms similar to those observed in field. No symptoms developed on the control plants. By 7 DAI, the inoculated fine roots and crowns showed water-soaked lesions identical to those observed in field, whereas control plants remained symptomless. The re-isolated isolate of P. spinosum was identical morphologically and by DNA sequence analysis to the original isolate. To our knowledge, this is the first report of root rot on American ginseng caused by P. spinosum in China and worldwide. Identification of the pathogen will assist in devising strategies to protect this important medicine plant from the pathogen, and to prevent yield losses.