LAUSR

of segmental skeletal defects of the forearm bones by Ilizarov application. Acta Orthop Belg. 2005;71:157–162. 62. Green SA, Jackson JM, Wall DM, et al. Management of segmental defects by the Ilizarov intercalary bone transport method. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1992;280:136–142. 63. Lambiris E, Papadopoulos A, Karabasi A, et al. Secondary intramedullary nailing after distraction osteogenesis: 30 patients followed for 2-12 years. Acta Orthop Scand. 2004;75:481–486. 64. Lowenberg DW, Feibel RJ, Louie KW, et al. Combined muscle flap and Ilizarov reconstruction for bone and soft tissue defects. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1996;332:37–51. 65. Naggar L, Chevalley F, Blanc CH, et al. Treatment of large bone defects with the Ilizarov technique. J Trauma 1993;34:390–393. 66. Palatnik Y, Rozbruch SR. Femoral reconstruction using external fixation. Adv Orthop. 2011;2011:967186. 67. Hatzokos I, Stavridis SI, Iosifidou E, et al. Autologous bone marrow grafting combined with demineralized bone matrix improves consolidation of docking site after distraction osteogenesis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2011;93:671–678. 68. Marsh DR, Shah S, Elliott J, et al. The Ilizarov method in nonunion, malunion and infection of fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1997;79: 273–279. 69. Lowenberg DW, Buntic RF, Buncke GM, et al. Long-term results and costs of muscle flap coverage with Ilizarov bone transport in lower limb salvage. J Orthop Trauma 2013;27:576–581. 70. Polyzois D, Papachristou G, Kotsiopoulos K, et al. Treatment of tibial and femoral bone loss by distraction osteogenesis. Experience in 28 infected and 14 clean cases. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl. 1997; 275:84–88. 71. Rigal S, Merloz P, Le Nen D, et al. Bone transport techniques in posttraumatic bone defects. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2012;98:103–108. 72. Liu T, Liu Z, Ling L, et al. Infected forearm nonunion treated by bone transport after debridement. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2013;14:273. 73. Zhang Q, Yin P, Hao M, et al. Bone transport for the treatment of infected forearm nonunion. Injury. 2014;45:1880–1884. 74. El-Rosasy MA. Appraisal of the role of external skeletal fixation in the management of sequelae of open tibial fractures. Indian J Orthop. 2008; 42:420–425. 75. Atesalp AS, Komurcu M, Basbozkurt M, et al. The treatment of infected tibial nonunion with aggressive debridement and internal bone transport. Mil Med. 2002;167:978–981. 76. Liodakis E, Kenawey M, Krettek C, et al. Comparison of 39 post-traumatic tibia bone transports performed with and without the use of an intramedullary rod: the long-term outcomes. Int Orthop. 2011;35:1397–1402. 77. Zak L, Wozasek GE. Impaired joint motion and contractures in callus distraction and segment transport: a retrospective data analysis. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2013;125:709–713. 78. Rozbruch RS, Weitzman AM, Tracey Watson J, et al. Simultaneous treatment of tibial bone and soft-tissue defects with the Ilizarov method. J Orthop Trauma. 2006;20:197–205. 79. Rozbruch SR, Pugsley JS, Fragomen AT, et al. Repair of tibial nonunions and bone defects with the Taylor Spatial Frame. J Orthop Trauma. 2008;22:88–95. 80. Kocaoglu M, Eralp L, Rashid HU, et al. Reconstruction of segmental bone defects due to chronic osteomyelitis with use of an external fixator and an intramedullary nail. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88:2137–2145. 81. Zhang X, Liu T, Li Z, et al. Reconstruction with callus distraction for nonunion with bone loss and leg shortening caused by suppurative osteomyelitis of the femur. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2007;89:1509–1514. 82. Amr SM, El-Mofty AO, Amin SN. Anterior versus posterior approach in reconstruction of infected nonunion of the tibia using the vascularized fibular graft: potentialities and limitations. Microsurgery. 2002;22:91–107. 83. Ozaksar K, Sugun TS, Toros T, et al. Free vascularized fibular grafts in Type 3 open tibia fractures. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc. 2012;46:430–437. 84. Jeng CL, Campbell JT, Tang EY, et al. Tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis with bulk femoral head allograft for salvage of large defects in the ankle. Foot Ankle Int. 2013;34:1256–1266. 85. Johnson EE, Urist MR. Human bone morphogenetic protein allografting for reconstruction of femoral nonunion. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2000;371:61–74. 86. Donegan DJ, Scolaro J, Matuszewski PE, et al. Staged bone grafting following placement of an antibiotic spacer block for the management of segmental long bone defects. Orthopedics. 2011;34:e730–e735. 87. Masquelet AC. Muscle reconstruction in reconstructive surgery: soft tissue repair and long bone reconstruction. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2003;388:344–346. 88. Stafford PR, Norris BL. Reamer-irrigator-aspirator bone graft and bi Masquelet technique for segmental bone defect nonunions: a review of 25 cases. Injury. 2010;41(suppl 2):S72–S77. 89. Paley D. Problems, obstacles, and complications of limb lengthening by the Ilizarov technique. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1990;250:81–104. 90. Ilizarov GA. The tension-stress effect on the genesis and growth of tissues: Part II. The influence of the rate and frequency of distraction. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1989;239:263–285. 91. Ilizarov GA. The tension-stress effect on the genesis and growth of tissues. Part I. The influence of stability of fixation and soft-tissue preservation. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1989;238:249–281. 92. Sangkaew C. Distraction osteogenesis of the femur using conventional monolateral external fixator. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2008;128:889–899. 93. Papakostidis C, Bhandari M, Giannoudis PV. Distraction osteogenesis in the treatment of long bone defects of the lower limbs: effectiveness, complications and clinical results; a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bone Joint J. 2013;95-B:1673–1680. 94. Thonse R, Conway J. Antibiotic cement-coated interlocking nail for the treatment of infected nonunions and segmental bone defects. J Orthop Trauma. 2007;21:258–268.