LAUSR

CONCLUSIONS A total of 2711 publications were screened for eligibility, after exclusion a total of 723 papers were included. There is a focus on retrospective studies investigating mortality and complications. Studies are often small in terms of sample size, and there are relatively few prospective studies and RCTs study patient reported outcomes and quality of life. Patients with cognitive impairment are selectively excluded from clinical studies, and no consensus exists on how cognitive impairment is diagnosed.This review identified pitfalls and provides recommendations to navigate these issues for future studies. Many studies exclude cognitively impaired patients, which may result in selection bias and inability to extrapolate results. The lack of use of objective measures to define cognitive impairment and lack appropriate outcome measures for the cognitively impaired is an important issue that needs to be addressed in future research.